Category: Paper

Audy M.H. Dien, 2016. Study on Mangrove Ecosystem Potential In Its Management As Ecotourism Area In Bahoi, Likupang District, North Minahasa Regency

Supervisors:
Dr. Ir. Unstain N.W.J. Rembet, MSi
Dr. Ir. Adnan Wantasen, MSi

SUMMARY

Mangrove forest is a forest occurring in muddy and sandy soil along coast and river mouth influenced by tides. Since it is vulnerable to succession, damaged, difficult to recover, and has important ecological role, the management of mangrove forest is highly needed. This study was carried out in mangrove forest of Bahoi, Likupang district, North Minahasa regency, North Sulawesi, in April – September 2015. It was aimed at knowing the ecological condition of the mangrove forest, identifying the benefit obtained from mangrove ecosystem, and studying the ecotourism-based mangrove ecosystem management. In this study, mangrove ecosystem, coastal villagers, and related stakeholder in Bahoi are the study objects.

Study stations were selected by determining representatives from each zonation and site condition. Based on both considerations, 3 stations and 12 plots were selected. Each study site was laid 10 x 10 m sample plots for tree, 5 x 5 m for seedlings, and 1 x 1 m for seeds and lower plants. Data collected were mangrove species and rooting type, then tree diameter measurement (1.3 meter) and biota around the study site were also observed. Community’s and visitor’s perception data collection employed purposive sampling method using questioneers on 30 respondents. Secondary data were taken from government institutions in relation with this study. All data were analyzed to present the potential of mangrove ecosystem, the ecological suitability, and the carrying capacity, then continued with SWOT analysis.

Results showed that mangrove species in Bahoi were dominated by Rhizophora mucronata, R. apiculata, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, B. cylindrical, and Sonneratia alba, with the highest density in station 1 shown by Rhizophora apiculata, 0.65 ind/m2, then station 2 and 3 by R. Mucronata, 0.93 and 0.63 ind/m2, respectively. The highest total density was recorded in station 2, 1.85 ind/40 m2, then station 1, 1.78 ind/40 m2, and station 3, 1.35 ind/40 m2, respectively. Based on the suitability level of mangrove ecosystem for ecotourism development, Bahoi was categorized as conditionally suitable. This village possessed mangrove forest thickness between 50 – 350 m, covering 2000 m long of coastal line and 150 m long of white sandy beach. This situation could be taken as ecotourist’s attractibility to do the terrestrial or aquatic ecotourism activities.

SWOT analysis revealed that mangrove ecosystem in Bahoi possessed a potential ecotourism attraction, high associated biodiversity, potential human resources as labors, good people’s perception on the importance of mangrove conservation, and relatively easy access to the downtown of the district, the regency and the city of Manado. The ecotourism development opportunity in Bahoi was also high, since mangrove forest was located near the marine resorts, government and non-government organization were present on conservation program, terrestrial and marine conservation area existed, local community’s will was strong, and several local art and colutural attractions could be developed as tourism objects. Nevertheless, Bahoi had low mangrove species diversity, few ecotourism supporting infrastructures, low availability of human resources, low education level, and low monitoring system of mangrove area from activities disturbing the mangrove forest sustainability.

Local threats were no local regulation on mangrove ecosystem management, the use of mangrove timber as firewood, low clean water availability in dry season, and insufficient of regency government’s attention in coastal area development as marine tourism destination. Based on SWOT analysis, the total of internal strategic factor accumulation value (0,30) and external strategic factor (0,06), 0,36, mangrove ecosystem condition in Bahoi could be established as an ecotourism area. As conclusion, the ecological condition of mangrove ecosystem in Bahoi was categorized as good, and aware of being beneficial for the local community in ecological function as abrasion prevention and living environment of the aquatic biota and in economic function from ecotourism aspect, so that it was right to be managed in the form of ecotourism management. Therefore, improvements in supporting infrastructures for ecotourism and human resources strengthening, optimation of government and stakeholders participated involvement, and economic potential development of the area are highly needed in local mangrove forest management.

M. Zainul Arifin, 2016. The Analysis of Capture Fisheries Performance In Lembeh Island, Bitung Municipality, North Sulawesi

Supervisors:
Dr. Ir. Emil Reppie, M.Sc
Dr. Ir. Johnny Budiman, M.Si, M.Sc

SUMMARY

According to the statistics of Bitung Municipality, 2014, fisheries production value of Bitung municipality increased, and this development needs to be analyzed in order to know whether the development gives economic benefit to the society and the fishing activities are efficient. The objectives of the study were 1) to study the capture fishries condition and its impact on the responsible fisheries management in Lembeh island; 2) to know the efficiency level of the fishing activities done by fishermen of Lembeh island; and 3) to analyze the economic benefit of the capture fisheries to the fishermen.

This study was conducted in Lembeh island, Bitung municipality, North Sulawesi, focusing on the villages whose residents were mainly fishermen for data collection. The data covered working capacity spent per fishing trip, catch revenue and fishermen’s income, fishing vessel specification, fishing gear specification, selling value of the catch, communities’ social condition, fishermen population, and number of fishing vessel.

The data were analyzed using descriptive method of Data Envelopment Analysis in order to know the effectivity and the efficiency of the fishing activities. For this, the study used DEA Software (Max DEA 6.3). To know whether the fishing activities gives positive economic impact, the analysis applied the fishermen exchange rate concept and the fishing venture of Lembeh island fishermen was analyzed.

Results found that dominant fishing gears used by Lembeh island fishermen were handlines (multihooks-handline, vertical handline, octopus handline, squid handline, and tuna handline), nets (beach seine and gill net), mini purse seine, and fish aggregating device (light boat). Those fishing gears were distributed in all villages of Lembeh island. Efficient fishing activities are those with efficiency value of 1. From 111 fishermen respondents in Lembeh island, 29 of them did efficient fishing operations. The range of investment needed for each fishing gear was IDR. 3,000,000 to 20,000,000 for multi-hooks handline and octopus handline, IDR. 7,000,000,- ro IDR. 8,000,000.- for squid handline, IDR. 150,000,000,- to IDR. 200,000,000,- for tuna handline, IDR. 9,000,000,- to IDR. 12.000.000,- for light boat, IDR. 10,000,000,- to IDR. 30,000,000,- for nets (beach seine and gill net), and IDR. 90,000,000,- to IDR. 250,000,000,-. Mean fishermen’s exchange rate of Lembeh island was 1.29, meaning that there was positive impact of fishing activities on the fulfillment of family’s daily needs. This study suggests to have accompaniment from fishermen-related institutions focusing on specific fishing gears of each village. Although the average fishermen exchange rate is good enough, there are also fishermen of low exchange rate. Thus, further study and mapping are needed in relation with their problems in order to give better solution.

Desmianti Babo, 2016. Azolla Utilization as a Substitute Feed on the Growth of Grass Carp (Stenopharyngodon idella)

Supervisors:
Ir. Henneke Pangkey, M.Sc., Ph.D.
Dr. Erly Kaligis, S.Pi., M.Si.

SUMMARY

This study was aimed to analyze the weight and the nutritive content of azolla cultured with organic fertilizer application and without fertilizer, to analyze the response on survival rate, growth and feed conversion ratio to grass carp was given azolla feed substituting fishmeal through and examine the optimal utilization of azolla as a feed and green.

Feeding experiment was carried out in the fish pond in Tatelu, North Minahasa Regency. Culture was done for 8 weeks. Test fish were grass carps of 7.0 to 10.0 cm long and 5.00 to 10.00 grams weight, as many as 150 fish. Feed used was pellet containing 0%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50%  of azolla flour as fish meal substitute, each of which with 3 replications, while fresh azolla was given ad libitum. The study was experimental, and applied Completely Randomized Design (RAL). The responses covered survival rate, absolute growth rate, length increment, relative growth rate and feed conversion ratio. Water quality measurements included temperature, pH, and dissolve oxygen.

Results showed that azolla culture using organic fertilizer gave the best result, with weight increment of 819 grams, while the use of azolla as a substitute ingredient showed feed of 20% azolla flour content of fishmeal sustitute gave the best results. This study also found mean absolute growth of 3.23 grams, length increment of 1.20 cm, mean relative growth of 49.41%, FCR value of 4.76, and survival rate of 96.67%. The use of fresh azolla resulted inmean absolute growth of 7.19 grams, length increment of 2.37 cm, relative growth of 112.74% and 100% survival rate. Water temperatures ranged from 24.2⁰C to 25.8⁰C, pH was 7 and dissolve oxygen ranged from 4.7 mg/l to 6.2 mg/l. This study concluded that azolla given organic fertilizers had better growth and nutrient content. Azolla flour could also be used as an alternative feed ingredient (20%), and for operational cost saving, the use of fresh azolla for grass carp feeding at certain life stage was more efficient.

Dedy Suprianto, 2016. Analysis of Business Pattern and Tuna Fishing Season In Southeast Minahasa, North Sulawesi

Supervisors:
Dr. Ir. John Budiman, MSi., MSc.
Dr. Heffry V. Dien, S.Pi., M.Si

SUMMARY

Indonesia possesses potential fish resources in either number and species. One of marine living resources having high economic value in Indonesia is tuna, and therefore, tuna could be one of superior non-fuel export materials from fisheries sector.This study was aimed to analyze the condition of tuna fishery in order to know the business patterns practiced by tuna fishermen and analyze the fishing effort and exploitation level to know the fishing season in Maluccas Sea based upon tuna catches landed in Southeast Minahasa.

Data collection was carried out in Belang district, Southeast Minahasa, for 5 months. The study was descriptive through primary and secondary data collection.Business patterns were approached using interactive model of analysis, while fishing season pattern was analyzed using Average Percentage Method based upon Times Series Analysis.

Results showed that most fishermen of Southeast Minahasa used a pattern whose business cost was taken care by the fishing boat owner under cheaper selling price. It was done to anticipate the possibility of low catch and to avoid high risk for the fishermen. Tuna fishing season, based upon tuna fish landing in the fisheries port of  Belang, occurred in Maluccas waters and its surrounding from Januari, March, July, September and October, with the highest index in January. It could result from good weather condition and high fish stock availability in the raft, so that the fishing activities could be safely and well done. Februari, April, May, June, August, November, dan December were famine seasons, because they had bad weather condition that makes the fishermen difficult to operate the fishing gear so that the fishermen’s income was low.

This study concluded that fishermen communities in Southeast Minahasa used a business pattern in which in the famine season the operational cost was handled by the fishing boat owner, while in tuna season, the catch sharing system was done under an equal cost burden. Tuna season in Maluccas Sea occurred in January, March, July, September, and October.

Nani Ingrid Jacquline Undap, 2016.  Antibacterial Activity of Sponges, Smenospongia aurea, Strepsichordaia sp., Agelas tubulata and Phyllospongia sp. From Manado Bay Against The Growth of Several Bacteria Strains

Supervisors:
Dr. Ir. Deiske A. Sumilat, M.Sc.
Dr. Robert A. Bara, S.IK., M.Sc. as Committee Member.

SUMMARY

Sponges are one of the benthic organisms that are potential to have active substances for medicinal purposes. They live widespread to the depth of 50 meters. Over 8000 species of sponges have been scientifically described and there are probably about 15,000 species living in the world, in which Indonesia waters contributes to about 10 percent of the total numbers. So far, the existence of marine sponges has attracted researchers around the world to do research due to their secondary metabolism substances that can be developed to find new medicines.

The presence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria promoting the loss of antibiotic ability to kill the bacteria leads to the demand of carrying out research for new antibiotic discovery. One of the natural resources that have not been well developed is marine resource, especially sponge, resulting in shortage of information on marine biota usable for medicinal materials.

This study was aimed to examine antibacterial activity of several sponge extracts inhibiting bacterial growth, i.e. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus mirabilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and S. saprophyticus, determine the inhibit ability of the extract on the bacterial growth and analyze the antibacterial active fraction using bio-autographic method.

In this study, Agar Diffusion Method was applied using several steps, such as extraction, brain heart infusion (BHI) media preparation, nutrient agar (NA) media preparation for bacteria rejuvenation, Mueller Hinton Agar (MHA) media preparation, positive controls (chloramphenicol) and negative controls (ethanol) preparation, antibacterial activity test, substance compound test using thin-layered Chromatography and bioautography method.

Mean diameter of the extract inhibition zone of Smenospongia aurea tested on 5 bacteria was 17.92 mm for Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 17.25 for Proteus mirabilis, 13.33 mm for Staphylococcus aureus mm, 17.50 mm for Escherichia coli and 16.25 mm for Staphylococcus saprophyticus, respectively. The highest inhibition zone of Smenospongia aurea extract occurred on Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Mean diameter of the inhibition zone of Strepsichordaia sp. tested on the bacteria was 16.42 mm for P. aeruginosa,26.83 mm for P. mirabilis, 32.25 mm for S. aureus, 14.17 mm for E. coli mm and 19.67 mm for S. saprophyticus, respectively. Strepsichordaia extract showed the highest activity against S. aureus.

The inhibition zone of Agelas tubulata extract tested on the bacteria was 15.75 mm for Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 14.83 mm for Proteus mirabilis, 13.50 mm for Staphylococcus aureus, 18.92 mm for E. coli and 14 mm for Staphylococcus saprophyticus, respectively. The inhibition zone of the extract on the test bacteria had broad spectrum.

The inhibition zone of Phyllospongia sp. against the tested bacteria was 11.25 mm for P. aeruginosa, 29.58 mm for P. mirabilis, 16.29 mm for S. aureus,10.58 mm for E. coli, and 13.67 mm for S. saprophyticus, respectively, with the highest inhibition zone occurring in P. mirabilis.

The study concluded that the extracts of Smenospongia aurea, Strepsichordaia sp. Agelas tubulata and Phyllospongia sp. had antibacterial activity against P. aeruginosa, P. mirabilis, Staphylococcus aureus, E. Coli and Staphylococcus saprophyticus, in which extract of Smenospongia aurea and Agelas tubulata that are classified as moderate, while the extract Strepsichordaia sp. and Phyllospongia sp. potential to have active substances for medicinal purposes. Bioautographic test indicated that the active compounds of the sponge extract had functional group of cyclohexane, with maximum UV absorption at 270-285 nm wavelength. The active compounds of this group usually occur in terpenoid and flavonoid compounds with strong antibacterial activity.

This study recommends that further study on active compound structure of Smenospongia aurea, Strepsichordaia sp., Agelas tubulata and Phyllospongia sp. capable of inhibiting the bacterial growth needs to be done.