Month: May 2016

Desmianti Babo, 2016. Azolla Utilization as a Substitute Feed on the Growth of Grass Carp (Stenopharyngodon idella)

Supervisors:
Ir. Henneke Pangkey, M.Sc., Ph.D.
Dr. Erly Kaligis, S.Pi., M.Si.

SUMMARY

This study was aimed to analyze the weight and the nutritive content of azolla cultured with organic fertilizer application and without fertilizer, to analyze the response on survival rate, growth and feed conversion ratio to grass carp was given azolla feed substituting fishmeal through and examine the optimal utilization of azolla as a feed and green.

Feeding experiment was carried out in the fish pond in Tatelu, North Minahasa Regency. Culture was done for 8 weeks. Test fish were grass carps of 7.0 to 10.0 cm long and 5.00 to 10.00 grams weight, as many as 150 fish. Feed used was pellet containing 0%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50%  of azolla flour as fish meal substitute, each of which with 3 replications, while fresh azolla was given ad libitum. The study was experimental, and applied Completely Randomized Design (RAL). The responses covered survival rate, absolute growth rate, length increment, relative growth rate and feed conversion ratio. Water quality measurements included temperature, pH, and dissolve oxygen.

Results showed that azolla culture using organic fertilizer gave the best result, with weight increment of 819 grams, while the use of azolla as a substitute ingredient showed feed of 20% azolla flour content of fishmeal sustitute gave the best results. This study also found mean absolute growth of 3.23 grams, length increment of 1.20 cm, mean relative growth of 49.41%, FCR value of 4.76, and survival rate of 96.67%. The use of fresh azolla resulted inmean absolute growth of 7.19 grams, length increment of 2.37 cm, relative growth of 112.74% and 100% survival rate. Water temperatures ranged from 24.2⁰C to 25.8⁰C, pH was 7 and dissolve oxygen ranged from 4.7 mg/l to 6.2 mg/l. This study concluded that azolla given organic fertilizers had better growth and nutrient content. Azolla flour could also be used as an alternative feed ingredient (20%), and for operational cost saving, the use of fresh azolla for grass carp feeding at certain life stage was more efficient.

Dedy Suprianto, 2016. Analysis of Business Pattern and Tuna Fishing Season In Southeast Minahasa, North Sulawesi

Supervisors:
Dr. Ir. John Budiman, MSi., MSc.
Dr. Heffry V. Dien, S.Pi., M.Si

SUMMARY

Indonesia possesses potential fish resources in either number and species. One of marine living resources having high economic value in Indonesia is tuna, and therefore, tuna could be one of superior non-fuel export materials from fisheries sector.This study was aimed to analyze the condition of tuna fishery in order to know the business patterns practiced by tuna fishermen and analyze the fishing effort and exploitation level to know the fishing season in Maluccas Sea based upon tuna catches landed in Southeast Minahasa.

Data collection was carried out in Belang district, Southeast Minahasa, for 5 months. The study was descriptive through primary and secondary data collection.Business patterns were approached using interactive model of analysis, while fishing season pattern was analyzed using Average Percentage Method based upon Times Series Analysis.

Results showed that most fishermen of Southeast Minahasa used a pattern whose business cost was taken care by the fishing boat owner under cheaper selling price. It was done to anticipate the possibility of low catch and to avoid high risk for the fishermen. Tuna fishing season, based upon tuna fish landing in the fisheries port of  Belang, occurred in Maluccas waters and its surrounding from Januari, March, July, September and October, with the highest index in January. It could result from good weather condition and high fish stock availability in the raft, so that the fishing activities could be safely and well done. Februari, April, May, June, August, November, dan December were famine seasons, because they had bad weather condition that makes the fishermen difficult to operate the fishing gear so that the fishermen’s income was low.

This study concluded that fishermen communities in Southeast Minahasa used a business pattern in which in the famine season the operational cost was handled by the fishing boat owner, while in tuna season, the catch sharing system was done under an equal cost burden. Tuna season in Maluccas Sea occurred in January, March, July, September, and October.

Nani Ingrid Jacquline Undap, 2016.  Antibacterial Activity of Sponges, Smenospongia aurea, Strepsichordaia sp., Agelas tubulata and Phyllospongia sp. From Manado Bay Against The Growth of Several Bacteria Strains

Supervisors:
Dr. Ir. Deiske A. Sumilat, M.Sc.
Dr. Robert A. Bara, S.IK., M.Sc. as Committee Member.

SUMMARY

Sponges are one of the benthic organisms that are potential to have active substances for medicinal purposes. They live widespread to the depth of 50 meters. Over 8000 species of sponges have been scientifically described and there are probably about 15,000 species living in the world, in which Indonesia waters contributes to about 10 percent of the total numbers. So far, the existence of marine sponges has attracted researchers around the world to do research due to their secondary metabolism substances that can be developed to find new medicines.

The presence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria promoting the loss of antibiotic ability to kill the bacteria leads to the demand of carrying out research for new antibiotic discovery. One of the natural resources that have not been well developed is marine resource, especially sponge, resulting in shortage of information on marine biota usable for medicinal materials.

This study was aimed to examine antibacterial activity of several sponge extracts inhibiting bacterial growth, i.e. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus mirabilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and S. saprophyticus, determine the inhibit ability of the extract on the bacterial growth and analyze the antibacterial active fraction using bio-autographic method.

In this study, Agar Diffusion Method was applied using several steps, such as extraction, brain heart infusion (BHI) media preparation, nutrient agar (NA) media preparation for bacteria rejuvenation, Mueller Hinton Agar (MHA) media preparation, positive controls (chloramphenicol) and negative controls (ethanol) preparation, antibacterial activity test, substance compound test using thin-layered Chromatography and bioautography method.

Mean diameter of the extract inhibition zone of Smenospongia aurea tested on 5 bacteria was 17.92 mm for Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 17.25 for Proteus mirabilis, 13.33 mm for Staphylococcus aureus mm, 17.50 mm for Escherichia coli and 16.25 mm for Staphylococcus saprophyticus, respectively. The highest inhibition zone of Smenospongia aurea extract occurred on Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Mean diameter of the inhibition zone of Strepsichordaia sp. tested on the bacteria was 16.42 mm for P. aeruginosa,26.83 mm for P. mirabilis, 32.25 mm for S. aureus, 14.17 mm for E. coli mm and 19.67 mm for S. saprophyticus, respectively. Strepsichordaia extract showed the highest activity against S. aureus.

The inhibition zone of Agelas tubulata extract tested on the bacteria was 15.75 mm for Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 14.83 mm for Proteus mirabilis, 13.50 mm for Staphylococcus aureus, 18.92 mm for E. coli and 14 mm for Staphylococcus saprophyticus, respectively. The inhibition zone of the extract on the test bacteria had broad spectrum.

The inhibition zone of Phyllospongia sp. against the tested bacteria was 11.25 mm for P. aeruginosa, 29.58 mm for P. mirabilis, 16.29 mm for S. aureus,10.58 mm for E. coli, and 13.67 mm for S. saprophyticus, respectively, with the highest inhibition zone occurring in P. mirabilis.

The study concluded that the extracts of Smenospongia aurea, Strepsichordaia sp. Agelas tubulata and Phyllospongia sp. had antibacterial activity against P. aeruginosa, P. mirabilis, Staphylococcus aureus, E. Coli and Staphylococcus saprophyticus, in which extract of Smenospongia aurea and Agelas tubulata that are classified as moderate, while the extract Strepsichordaia sp. and Phyllospongia sp. potential to have active substances for medicinal purposes. Bioautographic test indicated that the active compounds of the sponge extract had functional group of cyclohexane, with maximum UV absorption at 270-285 nm wavelength. The active compounds of this group usually occur in terpenoid and flavonoid compounds with strong antibacterial activity.

This study recommends that further study on active compound structure of Smenospongia aurea, Strepsichordaia sp., Agelas tubulata and Phyllospongia sp. capable of inhibiting the bacterial growth needs to be done.